Blood pressure management for caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a UK multi-centre audit (2023)
Blackburn, J Yates, E J Jarvis, M S Small, C L Kerr, J Patel, J Yeung, J
Blackburn, J
Yates, E J
Jarvis, M S
Small, C L
Kerr, J
Patel, J
Yeung, J
Affiliation
Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust; Wye Valley NHS Trust
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Publication date
2025-03-21
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Abstract
Background: Untreated sympathetic blockade after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery can cause profound maternal hypotension. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance recommends systolic blood pressure (SBP) should be maintained ≥90% of the baseline. This multi-centre audit assessed compliance with guidance regarding choice and administration method of vasopressors during caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia.
Methods: A multi-centre prospective audit of adult patients undergoing caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia was undertaken across the West Midlands, UK. Anonymised patient data was obtained during routine peri-operative care and audited across primary, process and clinical outcomes. The primary audit outcome was maintenance of intra-operative SBP at ≥90% baseline.
Results: Five-hundred-and-twenty-six patients were included. The primary outcome was achieved in 9.1% of cases. SBP was maintained within 80-90% of baseline in 65.0%, and below 80% of baseline in 25.9%. Phenylephrine was the first-line vasopressor in 91% of cases, administered via a rate-controlled device in 73.8%. Compliance with the international consensus recommendation for prophylactic phenylephrine via a rate-controlled device at 25-50 μg/min was 37.6%. Clinician-reported incidence of intra-operative nausea and vomiting were 24.9% and 8.4% respectively. Secondary analysis found that use of rate-controlled pump devices to administer prophylactic vasopressors was associated with reduced incidence of SBP decrease to <80% of baseline (P <0.01).
Conclusions: Intraoperative hypotension is common, and there is lack of adherence to guidance, including variation in choice and administration method of prophylactic vasopressors. Optimal management of hypotension should be incorporated into departmental guidance for enhanced recovery.
Citation
Blackburn J, Yates EJ, Jarvis MS, Small CL, Kerr J, Patel J, Yeung J; West Midlands Trainee Research in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Network (WMTRAIN) Collaborators. Blood pressure management for caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a UK multi-centre audit (2023). Int J Obstet Anesth. 2025 May;62:104352. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2025.104352. Epub 2025 Mar 21.
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Article