Prevention and Treatment of Nonfreezing Cold Injuries and Warm Water Immersion Tissue Injuries: Supplement to Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite.
Zafren, Ken Hollis, Sarah Weiss, Eric A Danzl, Daniel Wilburn, Jessie Kimmel, Nadia imray, chris Giesbrecht, Gordon Tipton, Mike imray, chris
Zafren, Ken
Hollis, Sarah
Weiss, Eric A
Danzl, Daniel
Wilburn, Jessie
Kimmel, Nadia
imray, chris
Giesbrecht, Gordon
Tipton, Mike
imray, chris
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2023-04-30
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Abstract
We convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of nonfreezing cold injuries (NFCIs; trench foot and immersion foot) and warm water immersion injuries (warm water immersion foot and tropical immersion foot) in prehospital and hospital settings. The panel graded the recommendations based on the quality of supporting evidence and the balance between benefits and risks/burdens according to the criteria published by the American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment is more difficult with NFCIs than with warm water immersion injuries. In contrast to warm water immersion injuries that usually resolve without sequelae, NFCIs may cause prolonged debilitating symptoms, including neuropathic pain and cold sensitivity.
Citation
Wilderness Environ Med . 2023 Jun;34(2):172-181
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Guideline