RESECT: A Randomised Controlled Trial of Audit and Feedback in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Surgery.
Gallagher, Kevin MacLennan, Steven Bhatt, Nikita Clement, Keiran Zimmermann, Eleanor Khadhouri, Sinan Kulkarni, Meghana Gaba MPhil, Fortis Anbarasan, Thineskrishna Asif, Aqua
Gallagher, Kevin
MacLennan, Steven
Bhatt, Nikita
Clement, Keiran
Zimmermann, Eleanor
Khadhouri, Sinan
Kulkarni, Meghana
Gaba MPhil, Fortis
Anbarasan, Thineskrishna
Asif, Aqua
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Publication date
2025-12-10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether audit, feedback, and education improves surgical performance after transurethral resection of bladder tumour surgery for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and as a secondary aim if it reduced recurrence rates.
METHODS: This cluster randomised controlled trial compared audit and feedback plus peer comparison and education, with audit alone for four coprimary outcomes: (1) Single-instillation chemotherapy, (2) detrusor muscle sampling, (3) documentation of tumour features, and (4) resection completeness. Early recurrence was a secondary outcome.
KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 100 sites were randomised to intervention and 101 to control. In total, 14 915 patients were included. Intervention sites significantly improved documentation of tumour features (adjusted mean difference [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 6.0 [1.8, 10], p = 0.005) and of resection completeness (adjusted mean difference [95% CI]: 5.5 [1.5, 9.5], p = 0.007). There was no statistically significant difference in chemotherapy use (adjusted mean difference [95% CI]: 0.3 [-4.7, 5.3], p = 0.9) or detrusor muscle sampling (adjusted mean difference [95% CI]: 2.6 [-1.3, 6.4], p = 0.2). There was no statistically significant difference in early recurrence rate between arms (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.02 [0.8, 1.4], p = 0.9); however, in the control arm, the early recurrence rate reduced compared with baseline (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.7 [0.6, 0.9]).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Audit and feedback with education improved the documentation of important surgical findings that influence clinical management, but not the performance of detrusor muscle sampling, adjuvant chemotherapy use, or early recurrence rates. Improvements observed in the control arm may explain a lack of effect of the intervention in some outcomes.
Citation
Eur Urol . 2025 Dec 10:S0302-2838(25)04736-0.
Type
Article