Increased seroprevalence and improved antibody responses following third primary SARS-CoV-2 immunisation: an update from the COV-AD Study.
Shields, Adrian M Faustini, Sian E Hill, Harriet J Al-Taei, Saly Tanner, Chloe Ashford, Fiona Workman, Sarita Moreira, Fernando Verma, Nisha Wagg, Hollie
Shields, Adrian M
Faustini, Sian E
Hill, Harriet J
Al-Taei, Saly
Tanner, Chloe
Ashford, Fiona
Workman, Sarita
Moreira, Fernando
Verma, Nisha
Wagg, Hollie
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2022-06-02
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Abstract
Background: Patients with primary and secondary antibody deficiency are vulnerable to COVID-19 and demonstrate diminished responses following two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine schedules. Third primary vaccinations have been deployed to enhance their humoral and cellular immunity.
Objectives: To determine the immunogenicity of the third primary SARS-CoV-2 immunisation in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with antibody deficiency.
Methods: Participants enrolled in the COV-AD study were sampled before and after their third vaccine dose. Serological and cellular responses were determined using ELISA, live-virus neutralisation and ELISPOT assays.
Results: Following a two-dose schedule, 100% of healthy controls mounted a serological response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, however, 38.6% of individuals with antibody deficiency remained seronegative. A third primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccine significantly increased anti-spike glycoprotein antibody seroprevalence from 61.4% to 76.0%, the magnitude of the antibody response, its neutralising capacity and induced seroconversion in individuals who were seronegative after two vaccine doses. Vaccine-induced serological responses were broadly cross-reactive against the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant of concern, however, seroprevalence and antibody levels remained significantly lower than healthy controls. No differences in serological responses were observed between individuals who received AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Pfizer BioNTech 162b2 during their initial two-dose vaccine schedule. SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive participants who had received a heterologous vaccine as a third dose were significantly more likely to have a detectable T cell response following their third vaccine dose (61.5% vs 11.1%).
Conclusion: These data support the widespread use of third primary immunisations to enhance humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with antibody deficiency.
Citation
Shields AM, Faustini SE, Hill HJ, Al-Taei S, Tanner C, Ashford F, Workman S, Moreira F, Verma N, Wagg H, Heritage G, Campton N, Stamataki Z, Drayson MT, Klenerman P, Thaventhiran JED, Elkhalifa S, Goddard S, Johnston S, Huissoon A, Bethune C, Elcombe S, Lowe DM, Patel SY, Savic S, Richter AG, Burns SO; COV-AD consortium. Increased Seroprevalence and Improved Antibody Responses Following Third Primary SARS-CoV-2 Immunisation: An Update From the COV-AD Study. Front Immunol. 2022 Jun 2;13:912571. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912571
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