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Exploring the need for a consensus guideline for the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer : a scoping review
Enemoh, Obinna Adefehinti, Mayowa Sanni, Quadri Abiodun Ogunbadejo, Hykmat A. Brabi, Daniel Iwunna, Obichukwu Agboro, Stephen O. Chukwumah, Bernard Akintayo, Abiodun Njeakor, Henry I.
Enemoh, Obinna
Adefehinti, Mayowa
Sanni, Quadri Abiodun
Ogunbadejo, Hykmat A.
Brabi, Daniel
Iwunna, Obichukwu
Agboro, Stephen O.
Chukwumah, Bernard
Akintayo, Abiodun
Njeakor, Henry I.
Affiliation
Chesterfield Royal Hospital; Peterborough City Hospital; South Warwickshire University NHS Foundation Trust; Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; et al.
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Publication date
2025-09-30
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Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) are a heterogeneous subclass of bladder cancers consisting of carcinoma in situ, stage Ta disease, and stage T1 disease. Despite treatment by tumor resection, they have a high rate of recurrence and progression, which present unique management challenges. This scoping review discusses the management of NMIBC, including risk stratification, intravesical therapy, surveillance protocols, and developing treatments. A systematic search in different databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Publications in English, from January 2010 to April 2025, were included. The final search was conducted on May 5, 2025. A total of 16 studies that met our inclusion criteria were reviewed. Different themes emerged, which include risk stratification and diagnosis, tumor resection, intravesical therapy, surveillance and follow-up, patient factors, and novel therapies. Substantial differences were found in clinical practice. Immediate postoperative chemotherapy was not adequately used, and the schedules of surveillance varied. Newer therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and novel intravesical agents, are promising. The role of enhanced cystoscopy and urinary biomarkers is also increasing for non-invasive disease monitoring. Despite this advancement, therapy standardization or a patient-centered view is still lacking. This review highlights the need for harmonized guidelines, wider access to innovative therapies, and collaborative research to improve outcomes in patients living with NMIBC.
Citation
Enemoh O, Adefehinti M, Sanni QA, Ogunbadejo HA, Brabi D, Iwunna O, Agboro SO, Chukwumah B, Akintayo A, Njeakor HI, Uwaoma GC. Exploring the Need for a Consensus Guideline for the Management of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Scoping Review. Cureus. 2025 Sep 30;17(9):e93553. doi: 10.7759/cureus.93553.
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© Copyright 2025 Enemoh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.